Anorectal pain is a relatively common symptom first described by the Romans.
Patients will often delay consulting a healthcare practitioner about this problem due to embarrassment and fear of a sinister diagnosis, tolerating disturbing symptoms for long periods.
There are two functional anorectal pain syndromes:
1. Proctalgia fugax (PF) (fugax = fugitive/fleeting in Greek) and
2. Levator ani syndrome (LAS)
They are both characteristic, benign anorectal-pain syndromes of uncertain aetiology.
Despite their benign nature, they can cause severe distress to the sufferer.
Aetiology
They are thought to occur due to spasm of the anal sphincter - proctalgia fugax (PF)3 or pelvic floor muscles - levator ani syndrome (LAS) but are something of an enigma.
They may be associated with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The two affected muscles are anatomically contiguous so the two conditions may coexist, or be different manifestations of the same underlying dysfunction.
The diagnosis of these conditions can usually be made on the basis of the symptoms.
However, more serious diagnoses can present similarly. Thus, it is essential to conduct a thorough clinical assessment to exclude other pathology before offering reassurance.
It may be associated with low-fibre diet and IBS. More than half of affected patients are aged 30-60 years and prevalence declines after age 45.
It has been associated with a variety of other pathologies which may have aetiological significance; for example, pudendal nerve neuralgia.
It is thought that only 20-30% of sufferers of these conditions consult a healthcare practitioner.
Here is a list of the other things that it may also be attributed to:
Differential diagnosis
•Irritable bowel syndrome
•Haemorrhoids ± thrombosis
•Anal fissure (usually causes intense localised pain associated with and following defaecation) - should be visible on proctoscopy
•Solitary chronic rectal ulcer
•Rectal carcinoma
•Perirectal abscess or fistula; hidradenitis suppurativa
•Proctitis (especially gonococcal/chlamydial infection)
•Crohn's disease/ulcerative colitis
•Rectal foreign body
•Pruritus ani
•Diverticular disease
•Rectal prolapse
•Coccygodynia (neuralgic pain around the region of the coccyx)
•Retrorectal cysts
•Condylomata acuminata (anogenital warts)
•Testicular carcinoma
•Prostatitis
•Cystitis
•Psychological cause (some hypothesise that these conditions are psychological rather than physical in origin)
•Alcock's canal syndrome (pudendal neuralgia due to entrapment, may present similarly to PF/be aetiologically relevant)
•Hereditary anal sphincter myopathy
•Bilateral internal iliac artery occlusion