Proteins are comprised of Amino Acids - Proteins are complicated Amino Acids, if you will. A bit like Starchy Carbs are Complicated Carbs.
The stomach breaks Proteins down into Amino Acids for the body to utilise much the same as it breaks down Starchy Carbs into Glucose - well, it's got similarities.
As Insulin is a protein it cannot be added to the blood via the stomach & gut as it would be broken down into it's component Amino Acids. Our Pancreases normally construct insulin from Amino Acids to release into the blood stream to metabolise Glucose. When the Pancreas cannot do this or does it deficiently Diabetics inject Insulin into the tissue and the Insulin is absorbed into the blood stream from there.
Hope that's useful.