When I was first diagnosed, I wanted to know what effect different food had on me so I knew where I was. I therefore tested as follows:
1) When I first got up
2) Immediately before eating anything
3) 1 Hour, 2 Hours and 3 Hours after eating
4) Before I went to bed (so I could see whether my BS was rising in a morning)
I kept a record of what I'd eaten in MyFitnessPal and a record of my Blood sugar in MySugr
I did that for a few months and got a decent picture of what I could and couldn't eat (and stopped eating anything that spiked my blood) so now I test far less often: If I'm eating stuff I've eaten before I just test in a morning to keep an eye on things, but if it's something new, I do the before, 1 hour, 2 hour and 3 hour test against that meal