It depends whether the 'sugar' is contained within certain foods...
Chocolate will kill most small animals, such as dog has the can't process the Theobromine in it..
And you get foods, such as mushrooms, garlic, onions, grapes, currents to name a few which is also toxic to dogs..
But it you'll taking about a pure sugar hit, then no it won't harm an animal...
My German Shepherd Ellie's stole 2 large bags of Jelly Babies when she was about 5 1/2 months old and scoffed the lot! No harm done apart from spending 12 hours being incredible sick and serious runs... I did call my vet to double check, which end up with me thinking I was it was a dire emergency as I dashed her into the vets on their request :shock:
Only to be told in about 20 seconds flat, that nothing in jelly babies to harm her, and that's £37 please :shock: