Months and years is my guess.
But glucose that is too much in your blood stream will over time cling to your little cells on nerves and blood vessels and make them clogged - like the kitchen sink when you pour fat in them or that bit of honey you may have splilled on the table that makes the tea spoon sticky etc.
The 1 time a year or once every 3 months high blood sugar will probably in itself have a limited effect on your system but as far as I have read, it all accumulates, and some people are just more prone to getting a certain kind of trouble sooner than others.
The best advice is probably to keep your sugars as low as you can when you think about your options.
It sort of accumulates with the rest of your risk factors to make your quality of life worse - weight, fat in your blood, blood pressure.
I think normally eyes get worse faster than for instance nerve supply to your legs - however, even a small increase in blood sugar over all will make you more likely to have fungal infections and will make any wounds heal slower.
Is that enough info or do you want me to try and dig out a scientific report?