blood in the urine may be a sign of different diseases in the kidneys, the urinary system or the bladder.
sugar in the urine may be a sign of diabetes.
protein in the urine may be a sign of a kidney disease and can be used to detect the early signs of kidney damage from long-standing diabetes.
biochemical analysis of the urine can assist in the diagnosis of kidney stones, myeloma and porphyria.
analysis under a microscope of cells (cytology) shed from the lining of the bladder that are present in the urine, can assist in the diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer.