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<blockquote data-quote="Winnie53" data-source="post: 2233214" data-attributes="member: 160246"><p>I'm finding the discussion on herd immunity confusing because there are two definitions historically. The first didn't refer to use of vaccines; the second did...</p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: 18px"><strong>History[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herd_immunity&action=edit&section=12" target="_blank">edit</a>]</strong></span></p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Measles_US_1944-2007_inset.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Measles_US_1944-2007_inset.png/220px-Measles_US_1944-2007_inset.png" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></a></p><p>Measles cases in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" target="_blank">United States</a> before and after mass vaccination against measles began.</p><p>The term <em>herd immunity</em> was first used in 1923 to refer to an entire population's immunity, in reference to research examining disease mortality in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse" target="_blank">mouse</a> populations with varying degrees of immunity.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity#cite_note-74" target="_blank">[74]</a> Herd immunity was first recognized as a naturally occurring phenomenon in the 1930s when A. W. Hedrich published research on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology" target="_blank">epidemiology</a> of measles in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore" target="_blank">Baltimore</a> and took notice that after many children had become immune to measles, the number of new infections temporarily decreased, including among susceptible children.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity#cite_note-pmid15106084-8" target="_blank">[8]</a> In spite of this knowledge, efforts to control and eliminate measles were unsuccessful until mass vaccination using the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles_vaccine" target="_blank">measles vaccine</a> began in the 1960s.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity#cite_note-pmid15106084-8" target="_blank">[8]</a> Mass vaccination, discussions of disease eradication, and cost–benefit analyses of vaccination subsequently prompted more widespread use of the term <em>herd immunity</em>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity#cite_note-pmid21427399-1" target="_blank">[1]</a> In the 1970s, the theorem used to calculated a disease's herd immunity threshold was developed.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity#cite_note-pmid21427399-1" target="_blank">[1]</a> During the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox#Eradication" target="_blank">smallpox eradication campaign</a> in the 1960s and 1970s, the practice of <em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_vaccination" target="_blank">ring vaccination</a></em>, of which herd immunity is integral to, began as a way to immunize every person in a "ring" around an infected individual to prevent outbreaks from spreading.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity#cite_note-75" target="_blank">[75]</a></p><p></p><p>Since the adoption of mass and ring vaccination, complexities and challenges to herd immunity have arisen.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity#cite_note-pmid21427399-1" target="_blank">[1]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity#cite_note-pmid22561998-56" target="_blank">[56]</a> Modeling of the spread of infectious disease originally made a number of assumptions, namely that entire populations are susceptible and well-mixed, which do not exist in reality, so more precise equations have been developed.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity#cite_note-pmid21427399-1" target="_blank">[1]</a> In recent decades, it has been recognized that the dominant strain of a microorganism in circulation may change due to herd immunity, either because of herd immunity acting as an evolutionary pressure or because herd immunity against one strain allowed another already-existing strain to spread.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity#cite_note-pmid21310617-32" target="_blank">[32]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity#cite_note-pmid22903767-38" target="_blank">[38]</a> Emerging or ongoing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_controversies" target="_blank">vaccine controversies</a> and various reasons for opposing vaccination have reduced or eliminated herd immunity in certain communities, allowing preventable diseases to persist in or return to these communities.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity#cite_note-pmid22926181-10" target="_blank">[10]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity#cite_note-pmid23584253-11" target="_blank">[11]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity#cite_note-pmid23807359-12" target="_blank">[12]</a></p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity</a></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="Winnie53, post: 2233214, member: 160246"] I'm finding the discussion on herd immunity confusing because there are two definitions historically. The first didn't refer to use of vaccines; the second did... [SIZE=5][B]History[[URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herd_immunity&action=edit§ion=12']edit[/URL]][/B][/SIZE] [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Measles_US_1944-2007_inset.png'][IMG]https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Measles_US_1944-2007_inset.png/220px-Measles_US_1944-2007_inset.png[/IMG][/URL] Measles cases in the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States']United States[/URL] before and after mass vaccination against measles began. The term [I]herd immunity[/I] was first used in 1923 to refer to an entire population's immunity, in reference to research examining disease mortality in [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse']mouse[/URL] populations with varying degrees of immunity.[URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity#cite_note-74'][74][/URL] Herd immunity was first recognized as a naturally occurring phenomenon in the 1930s when A. W. Hedrich published research on the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology']epidemiology[/URL] of measles in [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore']Baltimore[/URL] and took notice that after many children had become immune to measles, the number of new infections temporarily decreased, including among susceptible children.[URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity#cite_note-pmid15106084-8'][8][/URL] In spite of this knowledge, efforts to control and eliminate measles were unsuccessful until mass vaccination using the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles_vaccine']measles vaccine[/URL] began in the 1960s.[URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity#cite_note-pmid15106084-8'][8][/URL] Mass vaccination, discussions of disease eradication, and cost–benefit analyses of vaccination subsequently prompted more widespread use of the term [I]herd immunity[/I].[URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity#cite_note-pmid21427399-1'][1][/URL] In the 1970s, the theorem used to calculated a disease's herd immunity threshold was developed.[URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity#cite_note-pmid21427399-1'][1][/URL] During the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox#Eradication']smallpox eradication campaign[/URL] in the 1960s and 1970s, the practice of [I][URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_vaccination']ring vaccination[/URL][/I], of which herd immunity is integral to, began as a way to immunize every person in a "ring" around an infected individual to prevent outbreaks from spreading.[URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity#cite_note-75'][75][/URL] Since the adoption of mass and ring vaccination, complexities and challenges to herd immunity have arisen.[URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity#cite_note-pmid21427399-1'][1][/URL][URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity#cite_note-pmid22561998-56'][56][/URL] Modeling of the spread of infectious disease originally made a number of assumptions, namely that entire populations are susceptible and well-mixed, which do not exist in reality, so more precise equations have been developed.[URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity#cite_note-pmid21427399-1'][1][/URL] In recent decades, it has been recognized that the dominant strain of a microorganism in circulation may change due to herd immunity, either because of herd immunity acting as an evolutionary pressure or because herd immunity against one strain allowed another already-existing strain to spread.[URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity#cite_note-pmid21310617-32'][32][/URL][URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity#cite_note-pmid22903767-38'][38][/URL] Emerging or ongoing [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_controversies']vaccine controversies[/URL] and various reasons for opposing vaccination have reduced or eliminated herd immunity in certain communities, allowing preventable diseases to persist in or return to these communities.[URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity#cite_note-pmid22926181-10'][10][/URL][URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity#cite_note-pmid23584253-11'][11][/URL][URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity#cite_note-pmid23807359-12'][12][/URL] [URL]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity[/URL] [/QUOTE]
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