Aerobic Exercise (Ex. Jogging)
Aerobic exercise, or exercise that you can maintain for a prolonged period of time, seems to be able to acutely improve insulin resistance by increasing uptake of glucose into cells. It can increase insulin sensitivity immediately, as a session of 25-60 minutes (at 60-95% VO2 max) for 3-5 days.
[10]Improvements can also be seen after a week of aerobic training, when doing mostly 2 short sessions of 25 minutes of walking at 70% VO2 max.
[11] Interestingly, the opposite is also true. Voluntary restriction of activity or a drastic increase in sedentary activity can reduce insulin sensitivity in as little as 2 weeks.
[12]
Over the long term, aerboic exercise done routinely can preseve beneficial changes in insulin sensitivity.
[13]
Insulin sensitivity as a result of exercise can occur independent of weight loss.
[9][14] This is not to say that aerobic exercise will not lead to weight loss, as it may.
[15] The function of weight loss seems to be a blend of activity and diet, whereas insulin sensitivity increases could occur without changes in the diet.
In regards to hepatic insulin resistance, it has been seen over time periods of 12 weeks light aerobic activity
[16][9] but studies lasting 1 week have sometimes noted no difference.
[11]
Anaerobic Exercise (Ex. Weightlifting)
Strength exercises (lifting weights usually) is also associated with increasing insulin sensitivity as well as increased muscle mass.
[17]
In persons with impaired glucose tolerance, more sets of an exercise tend to be more effective than single sets and higher intensities better than moderate.
[18]
The general idea of exercise is that you want to have lean (muscle) mass, and you want it to contract somewhat regularly so it can take up glucose. The more
properly functioningmuscle mass one has, the better peripheral insulin sensitivity is