Dark Horse
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National Insurance in the UK is tiered (as already mentioned) and so is income tax. There is a calculator here that allows you to work out the actual National Insurance and Income Tax paid:- http://www.moneysavingexpert.com/tax-calculator/ National Insurance is used to fund NHS, State Pension, unemployment benefits and sickness and disability allowances.
Somebody has tried to compare USA/UK take-home pay here:- http://blog.thesalarycalculator.co.uk/paye/tax/comparison-of-uk-and-usa-take-home/
The BBC have tried to compare Income Tax for a high income earner across a range of countries here:- http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-26327114
Somebody has tried to compare USA/UK take-home pay here:- http://blog.thesalarycalculator.co.uk/paye/tax/comparison-of-uk-and-usa-take-home/
The BBC have tried to compare Income Tax for a high income earner across a range of countries here:- http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-26327114