SaskiaKC
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Yes, standardised spelling only arrived when people learned how to read and write. In the old days, clerks and people that could write wrote down the words as they were pronounced by the person speaking. It was all phonetic. This includes people's names. Hence surnames that are pronounced the same but have different spellings, such as Fielden and Fielding, Howarth and Haworth, etc. This also meant differences between regions due to dialect. Family history nerds like me find looking at parish registers a nightmare sometimes.
Hello, fellow family history nerd!
The name spellings happened a lot at Ellis Island in New York harbor when the immigration officials phonetically spelled the surnames of people who could not speak English. And the census-takers, too.
A fairly common example is the surname Englund. Yes, with the U. My own surname, and my mother's maiden name, show up in different records with about 3 different spellings.
Fun fun fun!