So as to have something consistent to work to the usual tests are done just before starting to eat and again two hours after that. It seems to give a good indication of how the meal is being dealt with, and if the meal is too high in carbs in the first place. A difference of two whole numbers, if measuring in mmol/l is good, which is a difference of - I believe 36 in other units.
I think that by A1c you mean the Hba1c test - which shows the average level of blood glucose, but it doesn't differentiate between a fairly steady level of blood glucose and one where levels are up and down all the time.