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Interesting study about ketones and carbohydrate metabolism
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<blockquote data-quote="Oldvatr" data-source="post: 2433787" data-attributes="member: 196898"><p>I too found this to be confusing. There are currently 14 Glucose Transporters that control the flow of glucose through the body. Most of these 'valves' are controlled by enzymes other than insulin, and, indeed, do not require insulin to transfer glucose into or out of cells. The insulin-dependant one is GLUT4 and this opens to allow glucose to pass into the citric cycle. Most of the others pass glucose, for instance through the mucous membrane of the gut to allow transport of digested glucose into the blood. There is also a GLUT required to allow glucose to pass into the red blood cells. Other cells such as sensors and the salivary glands work to detect glucose presence or absence and the result is a trigger say of amylase in the mouth, or controlling liver dump/liver fill. None of these secondary functions require insulin, But the Citric cycle is primarily tied to insulin but becomes a ketone burner in the absence of insulin. Brain cells do not require insulin, neither do nerve cells.</p><p></p><p>At one point the author seems to be talking about transfer across the lipid cell wall and into the red blood cells, which is how we get the HbA1c This is the GLUT1 transporter and does not need insulin.</p><p></p><p>The burning of glucose for energy is described by the Citric (or Krebs) Cycle, and the burning of fat is described by the Randle Cycle.</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="Oldvatr, post: 2433787, member: 196898"] I too found this to be confusing. There are currently 14 Glucose Transporters that control the flow of glucose through the body. Most of these 'valves' are controlled by enzymes other than insulin, and, indeed, do not require insulin to transfer glucose into or out of cells. The insulin-dependant one is GLUT4 and this opens to allow glucose to pass into the citric cycle. Most of the others pass glucose, for instance through the mucous membrane of the gut to allow transport of digested glucose into the blood. There is also a GLUT required to allow glucose to pass into the red blood cells. Other cells such as sensors and the salivary glands work to detect glucose presence or absence and the result is a trigger say of amylase in the mouth, or controlling liver dump/liver fill. None of these secondary functions require insulin, But the Citric cycle is primarily tied to insulin but becomes a ketone burner in the absence of insulin. Brain cells do not require insulin, neither do nerve cells. At one point the author seems to be talking about transfer across the lipid cell wall and into the red blood cells, which is how we get the HbA1c This is the GLUT1 transporter and does not need insulin. The burning of glucose for energy is described by the Citric (or Krebs) Cycle, and the burning of fat is described by the Randle Cycle. [/QUOTE]
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